The above map shows the fragmentation of France prior to 1430. Only the territories colored in blue were under the French kings, and until 1429, English troops occupied the north, west, and southwest (areas outlined in gold). Many other regions, such as the Bourbon Duchy, were independent of the French crown.

By 1453, however, Charles XII had driven the English out of France, and his successors annexed Burgundy in 1477, Anjou and Provence in 1481 and Brittany in 1491.